File: <ficusleafrollingpsyllid > Pooled References GENERAL
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Ficus Leaf Rolling Psyllid Trioza brevigenae Mathur --
Hemiptera: Triozidae |
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This
psyllid was first found in southern
California in April, 2016. Adults
average about 2.7 mm in length and have a greenish-brown body. Females are a bit larger than males. Adults raise the abdomen at a 45 degree
angle on leaf surfaces. The abdomen
also wiggles continuously. The nymphs
have 5 instars and occur in shallow pits on the leaf but later they move about
and assume the adult coloration. Late
stage nymphs possess a long waxy filament at the head and rear portions of
the body. These psyllids attack Ficus microcarpa trees, causing leaves
to roll into tight cylinders. The cylinders
then provide protection for the nymphs.
Infested leaves remain green but dry up. This reduces photosynthesis and progress to defoliation. Dr. Donald Hodel reports
that Ficus microcarpa plants are a valuable
component of the nursery industry. However, Trioza brevigenae
has already established a widespread distribution in Southern California but
there have been no reports of economic impacts. Probably existing
cultures for other Ficus microcarpa pests
limit impacts from this new invader. REFERENCES:
FURTHER
RELATED REFERENCES Aubert, B. & S. Quilici. 1983.
Nouvel quilibre biologique observ la Reunion sur les populations de
psyllids l'introduction et l'establissement d'hymenoptäres chalcidiens. Fruits 38: 771-80. Burckhardt, D. & Ouvrard, D. 2012.
A revised classification of the jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera:
Psylloidea). Zootaxa 3509: 1-34. Chiu, S. C., K. C. Lo., C. C. Chien, C. C. Chen & C. F.
Chen. 1985. A review of the biological of crop pests
in Taiwan (1981-1984). Spec. Publ.
No. 19, Taiwan Agr. Res. Inst. p.
1-8. Dara, S. K. &
D. R. Hodel. 2015. Weeping fig thrips (Thysanoptera:
Phlaeothripidae) in California and a review of its biology and management
options. Journal of Integrated Pest
Mnngagement. 6 (2): 10.1093. Hodkinson, I. D.
1986. The psyllids (Homoptera:
Psylloidea) of the Oriental Zoogeographical Region: an annotated
check-list. Journal of Natural Hstory
20: 299-357. Hodel, D. R., G. Arakelian, L. M. Ohara,
C. Wilen & S. K.
Dara. 2016. The ficus leaf-rolling psyllid: a new pest
of Ficus microcarpa. Palm Arbor 2: 1-9. Kennett, C. E., J.
A. McMurtry & J. W. Beardsley. 1999.
Biological control in subtropical and tropical crops. In: Bellows, T. S. & T. W. Fisher (eds.), Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, New York. 1046 p. Yang, M. M. &
A. Raman. 2007. Diversity, richness, and patterns of
radiation among gall-inducing psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) in the orient
and Eastern Palearctic. Oriental
Insects 41: 55-65. Chiappini, E., S. V. Triapitzin & A. Donev. 1996.
Key to the Holarctic species of Anagrus
Haliday (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) with a review of the Nearctic and
Palaearctic (other than European) species and descriptions of new taxa. Journal of Natural History 30: 551-595. Triapitzin,
S. V. 1995a. The identities of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg
parasitoid of the grape and blackberry leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
in California. Pan-Pacific Entomol.
71 (4): 250-251. Triapitzin, S. V. 1995b. A review of the Australian species of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Russian Entomological Journal 4
(1-4): 105-108. Triapitzin, S.
V. 1997. The genus Anagrus
(Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in America south of the United States: a
review. Ceiba (Zamorano,
Honduras) 38 (1): 1-12. Triapitzin, S.
V. 1998. Anagrus
(Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg parasitoids of Erythroneura
spp. and other leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in North American
vineyards and orchards: a taxonomic review.
Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 124 (2): 77-112. Triapitzin, S. V., R. F. Mizell,
J. L. Bossart & C. E. Carlton.
1998. Egg
parasitoids of Homalodisca coagulata
(Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Florida Entomologist 81
(2): 241-243. Triapitzin, S. V. & D. Strong.
1995. A new Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an egg
parasitoid of Prokelisia spp. (Homoptera:
Delphacidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol. 71 (4):
199-203. Walker, G. P.,
N. Zareh, I. M. Bayoun & S. V. Triapitzin. 1997. Introduction of western Asian egg
parasitoids into California for biological control of beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 73 (4): 236-242. |